Storage of Blood in Blood Banks: Durability and Preservation Strategies

Blood storage in blood banks is a critical process that ensures the safety and effectiveness of blood products for transfusion. The duration of storage varies based on the type of blood product and the specific storage conditions. Understanding these variables can help maximize the utility and safety of blood during storage.

Whole Blood Storage

Whole blood, typically containing all blood components, can be stored for up to 21 to 35 days depending on the anticoagulant used. After this period, red blood cells begin to degrade, which may affect their effectiveness. Proper refrigeration and temperature control are essential to maintaining the integrity of these cells.

Red Blood Cells (RBCs) Storage

Red blood cells can be stored for about 42 days when preserved with specific chemicals like CPDA-1. After this period, the viability of the red blood cells decreases, and they may not function as effectively when transfused. Temperature control is vital to prolong the period of their effectiveness.

Platelets Storage

Platelets, being particularly sensitive to storage conditions, can be stored for approximately 5 to 7 days at room temperature with gentle agitation. They are highly perishable and may lose their potency quickly without proper storage, especially if not agitated regularly.

Plasma Storage

Plasma, another important component, can be stored in its fresh frozen form for up to one year in a freezer. Post-thaw, it should be used within 24 hours to maintain its therapeutic efficacy. Freezer storage conditions must be strictly controlled to prevent degradation and loss of function.

Cryoprecipitate Storage

Cryoprecipitate, a blood component rich in clotting factors, can be stored for up to a year when frozen. This storage method is similar to that of plasma, emphasizing the importance of freezer storage in maintaining its biological function.

Blood products can spoil or lose potency over time due to factors such as bacterial growth, pH changes, and the breakdown of cellular components. Proper storage conditions, such as temperature control and maintaining sterility, are crucial to maximizing the shelf life and effectiveness of blood products. Blood banks adhere to strict regulations to ensure the safety and efficacy of stored blood, safeguarding patients and ensuring successful transfusions.

When Test Results Are Received

When test results are received, units suitable for transfusion are labeled and stored appropriately. Red cells are stored in refrigerators at 6°C for up to 42 days. Platelets are stored at room temperature in agitators for up to five days. Plasma and cryo are frozen and stored in freezers for up to one year.

The type of anticoagulant and preservative used in the bag plays a significant role in the storage duration. Various anticoagulants like ACD, CPD, CPDA-1, SAGM, etc., help prevent clotting. Blood stored at 4°C can last from 21 to 42 or 45 days without major changes. Fresh blood provides the most benefit to recipients upon transfusion.

Conclusion

The proper storage of blood in blood banks is crucial for ensuring the safety and efficacy of blood products. Understanding the specific requirements for each blood component can help optimize storage conditions and prolong the utility of blood for transfusions.

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